Annotations can be found in our annotated bibliography located here
[1] Gilliam, Victor F. “The Immigrant: An acquisition or a detriment?” Judge, 19 Sept. 1903. Library of Congress. Cartoon.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
[1] Lazarus, Emma. “The New Colossus.” Poetry Foundation.
[2] Ward, Robert DEC. “Our New Immigration Policy.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 3, no. 1, 24 Sept. 1924, pp. 99-110.
[3] Odell, George T. “Alien Quota Fight in Next Congress.” Christian Science Monitor, 24 Apr. 1924.
[4] Evans, Raymond. “The Americanese wall - as Congressman [John Lawson] Burnett would build it.” Puck, vol. 79, 25 Mar. 1916.
[2] Ward, Robert DEC. “Our New Immigration Policy.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 3, no. 1, 24 Sept. 1924, pp. 99-110.
[3] Odell, George T. “Alien Quota Fight in Next Congress.” Christian Science Monitor, 24 Apr. 1924.
[4] Evans, Raymond. “The Americanese wall - as Congressman [John Lawson] Burnett would build it.” Puck, vol. 79, 25 Mar. 1916.
[1] “Chapter 1: The Nation’s Immigration Laws, 1920 to Today.” Pew Hispanic, Pew Research Center, 28 Sept. 2015.
[2] United States, Congress, House. 1864 Immigration Act (An act to encourage immigration). Government Printing Office, 1864. US Immigration Legislation Online, The University of Washington-Bothell Library. 38th Congress, 1st session.
[2] United States, Congress, House. 1864 Immigration Act (An act to encourage immigration). Government Printing Office, 1864. US Immigration Legislation Online, The University of Washington-Bothell Library. 38th Congress, 1st session.
[1] Ward, Robert DEC. “Our New Immigration Policy.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 3, no. 1, 24 Sept. 1924, pp. 99-110.
[2] Dalrymple, Louis. “The unrestricted dumping ground.” Judge, 1903.
[3] Rogers, William Adams. The Breath of the Hun. 1918. Library of Congress.
[4] Ayer, John E. “Letter to Crime and Law Enforcement Commission.” Received by Crime andLaw Enforcement Commission, 23 May 1929.
[5] Cassel, J.H. Stripped! 1917. Library of Congress.
[2] Dalrymple, Louis. “The unrestricted dumping ground.” Judge, 1903.
[3] Rogers, William Adams. The Breath of the Hun. 1918. Library of Congress.
[4] Ayer, John E. “Letter to Crime and Law Enforcement Commission.” Received by Crime andLaw Enforcement Commission, 23 May 1929.
[5] Cassel, J.H. Stripped! 1917. Library of Congress.
[1] Ward, Robert DEC. “Our New Immigration Policy.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 3, no. 1, 24 Sept. 1924, pp. 99-110.
[2] “Close the Gate.” Chicago Tribune. Baruch College. Accessed 20 Feb. 2018. Cartoon.
[3] Alley, James. P, “Come Unto Me, Ye Opprest!", Memphis Commercial Appeal, 5 July 1919. HERB: Resources for Teachers
[4] Greene, Sidney Joseph. "Step by Step." New York Evening Telegram, 1 Nov. 1919. City University of New York. Cartoon.
[2] “Close the Gate.” Chicago Tribune. Baruch College. Accessed 20 Feb. 2018. Cartoon.
[3] Alley, James. P, “Come Unto Me, Ye Opprest!", Memphis Commercial Appeal, 5 July 1919. HERB: Resources for Teachers
[4] Greene, Sidney Joseph. "Step by Step." New York Evening Telegram, 1 Nov. 1919. City University of New York. Cartoon.
CONFLICT: PRO-IMMIGRATION
[1] Murphy, Kevin C. Uphill All the Way: The Fortunes of Progressivism, 1919-1929. 2013. Columbia University.
[2] Clancy, Robert H. “An ‘Un-American Bill’.” Congress, 8 Apr. 1924, Washington D.C. Speech transcript.
[3] Telzrow, Michael E. “The Story of Immigration in America.” The New American, vol. 22, no. 4, 20 Feb. 2006, pp. 33-38.
[4] "New Yorkers fight Immigration Bill as Racially Unfair." New York Times [New York], 25 Feb. 1924. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
[2] Clancy, Robert H. “An ‘Un-American Bill’.” Congress, 8 Apr. 1924, Washington D.C. Speech transcript.
[3] Telzrow, Michael E. “The Story of Immigration in America.” The New American, vol. 22, no. 4, 20 Feb. 2006, pp. 33-38.
[4] "New Yorkers fight Immigration Bill as Racially Unfair." New York Times [New York], 25 Feb. 1924. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
[1] Odell, George T. “Alien Quota Fight in Next Congress.” Christian Science Monitor, 24 Apr. 1924.
[2] Coyne, Kevin. “The Knights vs. the Klan.” Knights of Columbus, 1 Nov. 2017.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land : patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed.,Rutgers, The State University, 2002
[4] National Catholic Welfare Conference. "NCWC Protest to Congress Against the 1924
Immigration Bill." Jan. 1924.
[2] Coyne, Kevin. “The Knights vs. the Klan.” Knights of Columbus, 1 Nov. 2017.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land : patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed.,Rutgers, The State University, 2002
[4] National Catholic Welfare Conference. "NCWC Protest to Congress Against the 1924
Immigration Bill." Jan. 1924.
[1] “Economic Impact of Immigration in the Twenty-First Century.” Gale Student Resources in Context, Gale, 2018. Student Resources in Context.
[2] “What other papers are saying – Immigration and Labor.” The Washington Post, 4 Dec. 1920.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land : patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed., Rutgers, The State University, 2002.
[4] Pro-immigration poster. Windsor Public Library.
[2] “What other papers are saying – Immigration and Labor.” The Washington Post, 4 Dec. 1920.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land : patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed., Rutgers, The State University, 2002.
[4] Pro-immigration poster. Windsor Public Library.
CONFLICT: ANTI-IMMIGRATION
[1] Ward, Robert DEC. “Our New Immigration Policy.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 3, no. 1, 24 Sept. 1924, pp. 99-110.
[2] United States, Congress, Dillingham Commission. Reports of the Immigration Commission.Government Printing Office, 1911.
[2] United States, Congress, Dillingham Commission. Reports of the Immigration Commission.Government Printing Office, 1911.
[1] Allerfeldt, Kristofer, Dr. “’And We Got Here First’: Albert Johnson, National Origins and Self-Interest in the Immigration Debate of the 1920s.” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 45, no. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 7-26.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Smith, Ellison DuRant, April 9, 1924, Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1924), vol. 65, 5961–5962.
[4] Reed, David A, Senator,From Pennsylvania. "America of the Melting Pot comes to an End." New York Times (1923-Current file): 1. Apr 27 1924.
[5] “The Proposed Emigrant Dumping Site.” Judge, vol. 17, no. 440, 1890.
[6] “Uncle Sam’s Great, Unnecessary Burden.” Eastern Press
[2] Ibid.
[3] Smith, Ellison DuRant, April 9, 1924, Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1924), vol. 65, 5961–5962.
[4] Reed, David A, Senator,From Pennsylvania. "America of the Melting Pot comes to an End." New York Times (1923-Current file): 1. Apr 27 1924.
[5] “The Proposed Emigrant Dumping Site.” Judge, vol. 17, no. 440, 1890.
[6] “Uncle Sam’s Great, Unnecessary Burden.” Eastern Press
[1] Lombardo, Paul. “Eugenics Laws Restricting Immigration.” Eugenics Archive.
[2] “Keep on Guarding the Gates.” Current Opinion, 1 June 1923. Ohio State University. Accessed16 Jan. 2018.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land :patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed., Rutgers, The State University, 2002.
[4] House, Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Eugenical Aspects of Deportation. Testimony of Harry H. Laughlin, Government Printing Office, 1921.
[5] “Minutes of meeting of Committee on Immigration of the Eugenics Research Association.” Eugenics Research Association, Feb. 1920, Harvard Club, New York City. Eugenics Archive.
[2] “Keep on Guarding the Gates.” Current Opinion, 1 June 1923. Ohio State University. Accessed16 Jan. 2018.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land :patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed., Rutgers, The State University, 2002.
[4] House, Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Eugenical Aspects of Deportation. Testimony of Harry H. Laughlin, Government Printing Office, 1921.
[5] “Minutes of meeting of Committee on Immigration of the Eugenics Research Association.” Eugenics Research Association, Feb. 1920, Harvard Club, New York City. Eugenics Archive.
[1] Ku Klux Klan. “Guarding the Gate Against Undesirables.” Current Opinion, 1 Apr. 1924. Ohio State University.
[2] Miller, Alyce, P.h.D. From Immigrants to Activists: Immigration, Nativism, Welfare Reform and the Mobilization of Immigrant Voters in the Late Nineteenth and Late Twentieth Centuries. 2012. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, PhD dissertation. University of North Carolina at Greensboro Library.
[3] Alliance Klan #1. “Letter to Coolidge from Alliance Klan #1.” Received by President Calvin Coolidge, 15 May 1924. SIRS Decades. Letter.
[2] Miller, Alyce, P.h.D. From Immigrants to Activists: Immigration, Nativism, Welfare Reform and the Mobilization of Immigrant Voters in the Late Nineteenth and Late Twentieth Centuries. 2012. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, PhD dissertation. University of North Carolina at Greensboro Library.
[3] Alliance Klan #1. “Letter to Coolidge from Alliance Klan #1.” Received by President Calvin Coolidge, 15 May 1924. SIRS Decades. Letter.
[1] Coolidge, Calvin. “Address Accepting the Republican Presidential Nomination.” 14 Aug. 1924. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wolley. Speech.
[2] Coolidge, Calvin. “First Annual Message.” 6 Dec. 1923. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wolley.
[3] Republican Party Platforms: “Republican Party Platform of 1920,” June 8, 1920. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
[4] Dalrymple, Louis. “The High Tide of Immigration – A National Menace.” Judge, 1903. City University of New York. Cartoon.
[2] Coolidge, Calvin. “First Annual Message.” 6 Dec. 1923. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wolley.
[3] Republican Party Platforms: “Republican Party Platform of 1920,” June 8, 1920. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
[4] Dalrymple, Louis. “The High Tide of Immigration – A National Menace.” Judge, 1903. City University of New York. Cartoon.
THE BILLS
[1] United States, Congress, House. 1921 Emergency Quota Law. Government Printing Office, 1921. US Immigration Legislation Online, The University of Washington-Bothell Library. 67th Congress, 5th session, House Bill H.R. 4075.
[2] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Emergency Immigration Act of 1921: Roll Vote No. 250.” 66th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[3] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Emergency Immigration Act of 1921: Roll Vote No. 387.” 66th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[4] "US Immigration (1840-1920)." Map.
[5] “The only way to handle it.” Retrieving the American Past, Clash of Cultures, Department of History at The Ohio State University and Pearson Custom Publishing, 1921. Cartoon.
[2] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Emergency Immigration Act of 1921: Roll Vote No. 250.” 66th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[3] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Emergency Immigration Act of 1921: Roll Vote No. 387.” 66th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[4] "US Immigration (1840-1920)." Map.
[5] “The only way to handle it.” Retrieving the American Past, Clash of Cultures, Department of History at The Ohio State University and Pearson Custom Publishing, 1921. Cartoon.
[1] Garis, Roy Lawrence. “The Emergency Quota Legislation, 1921-1924; The Immigration Act of 1924.” Immigration restriction : a study of the opposition to and regulation of immigration into the United States, 1927, pp. 142-203. Archive.org.
[2] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Immigration Act of 1924: Roll Vote No. 55.” 68th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[3] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Immigration Act of 1924: Roll Vote No.126.” 68th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[4] United States, Congress, House. 1924 Immigration Act. Government Printing Office, 1924. US Immigration Legislation Online, The University of Washington-Bothell Library. Accessed 19 Jan. 2018. 68th Congress, 1st session, House Bill H.R. 7995.
[5] Republican Party Platforms: “Republican Party Platform of 1924,” June 10, 1924. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
[6] Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1929),100.
[7] Reed, David A, Senator,From Pennsylvania. "America of the Melting Pot comes to an End." New York Times (1923-Current file): 1. Apr 27 1924. ProQuest. Web.
[8] Tichenor, Daniel J. “Progressivism, War, Policymaking.” Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002. Google Books
[2] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Immigration Act of 1924: Roll Vote No. 55.” 68th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[3] Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2017). “Immigration Act of 1924: Roll Vote No.126.” 68th Cong. 1st sess. Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/
[4] United States, Congress, House. 1924 Immigration Act. Government Printing Office, 1924. US Immigration Legislation Online, The University of Washington-Bothell Library. Accessed 19 Jan. 2018. 68th Congress, 1st session, House Bill H.R. 7995.
[5] Republican Party Platforms: “Republican Party Platform of 1924,” June 10, 1924. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.
[6] Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1929),100.
[7] Reed, David A, Senator,From Pennsylvania. "America of the Melting Pot comes to an End." New York Times (1923-Current file): 1. Apr 27 1924. ProQuest. Web.
[8] Tichenor, Daniel J. “Progressivism, War, Policymaking.” Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002. Google Books
COMPROMISE
[1] Odell, George T. “Alien Quota Fight in Next Congress.” Christian Science Monitor, 24 Apr. 1924. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land : patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed., Rutgers, The State University, 2002. EBSCO eBook Collection.
[4] "Will not change Immigration Law." New York Times, 21 Feb. 1923. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
[5] Ngai, M. Mae. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of America. Princeton, 2004.
[6] "Third Annual Message," 8 Dec. 1925. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wolley.
[7] “First Annual Message.” 6 Dec. 1923. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wolley.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Higham, John. Strangers in the land : patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925. 2nd ed., Rutgers, The State University, 2002. EBSCO eBook Collection.
[4] "Will not change Immigration Law." New York Times, 21 Feb. 1923. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
[5] Ngai, M. Mae. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of America. Princeton, 2004.
[6] "Third Annual Message," 8 Dec. 1925. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wolley.
[7] “First Annual Message.” 6 Dec. 1923. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wolley.
[1] U.S. Department of Homeland Security. “Total Immigrants from each Region and Country, by Decade, 1820–2010.” Raw data.
[2] “Americanization.” Clash of Cultures in the 1910s and 1920s, Immigration Restriction & The Ku Klux Klan, Ohio State of University.
[3] “The Making of an American.” Education Film Magazine, 1920. Wikipedia. Advertisement.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Telzrow, Michael E. “The Story of Immigration in America.” The New American, vol. 22, no. 4, 20 Feb. 2006, pp. 33-38. ProQuest Research Library
[6] Ibid.
[7] Americanization Day. 1915. New England Historical Society.
[2] “Americanization.” Clash of Cultures in the 1910s and 1920s, Immigration Restriction & The Ku Klux Klan, Ohio State of University.
[3] “The Making of an American.” Education Film Magazine, 1920. Wikipedia. Advertisement.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Telzrow, Michael E. “The Story of Immigration in America.” The New American, vol. 22, no. 4, 20 Feb. 2006, pp. 33-38. ProQuest Research Library
[6] Ibid.
[7] Americanization Day. 1915. New England Historical Society.